Silver Movements in 2025

Thank you, Mr. Secretary. I appreciate the opportunity to speak here today.1 When I offered my assessment of policy in my first speech as a Federal Reserve Governor in September, I assumed inflation for core goods and nonhousing core services would continue to run at current rates.2 While that was a useful working assumption at the time, today I will break down my inflation outlook in more detail. Specifically, I'll share my interpretation of inflation's components and how this influences my perception of progress toward our 2 percent target. Shelter Inflation Shelter costs are top of mind for households, and a large component of inflation indices. But calculating shelter inflation is far from simple. For instance, the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index that the Fed targets includes housing costs for all households in the economy. That seems appropriate for capturing prices associated with all consumer spending but not ideal as a measure of current supply and demand pressures. Figure 1 makes that clear: As the economy emerged from the pandemic, demand for housing outstripped supply, and market rents for new tenants jumped. But the PCE shelter index for all households lagged, as rents only reset when people move or renew their leases. PCE will always lag market rents. As recently as last year, the PCE shelter index still had catching up to do, creating uncertainty as to how long measured shelter inflation would remain elevated. This is no longer the case. Indeed, a separate all-tenant rent index—drawn from the same microdata as PCE shelter—caught up to new-tenant rents, while PCE shelter has actually overshot new rents.3 Based on this catchup being complete, I expect a faster fall in PCE shelter inflation. FED’S MIRAN: CURRENT EXCESS INFLATION IS NOT REFLECTIVE OF UNDERLYING SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE ECONOMY Fed's Miran: I expect a faster fall in PCE shelter inflation. Fed's Miran argues tariffs aren't driving higher goods inflation. Fed's Miran argues a measure of underlying inflation near 2%.

Fed's Miran: If shelter inflation does not decline, it might change the outlook for inflation overall. Fed's Miran: I don't see evidence of concern in the inflation expectations data. Fed's Miran: I expect better GDP growth and lower deficits from tariff revenue. Fed's Miran: I do not support sales of mortgage-backed securities because it might, at this point, involve the Fed realizing losses on its holdings.

Good morning, everyone. It’s great to be here at the Liberty Science Center, home of the largest planetarium in the Western Hemisphere. Typically, this would be the perfect opportunity for me to discuss the star variables in economics. Alas, I’ll save that for the Q&A. Instead, I’m going to talk to you today about the U.S. economy and how the Federal Reserve is working to achieve its dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability. I’ll also discuss recent actions by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), and I’ll give my economic outlook. Before I go further, I must give the standard Fed disclaimer that the views I express today are mine alone and do not necessarily reflect those of the FOMC or others in the Federal Reserve System. Turning the Corner One of the important parts of my job is to travel throughout the Federal Reserve’s Second District. It gives me the opportunity to meet with business, community, and government leaders and get a firsthand and in-depth look at the challenges and opportunities facing our region. In recent years, North Jersey has largely followed the trajectory of the broader U.S. economy: It was hit hard by the pandemic, rebounded quickly, grappled with inflation, and then, over the past year, faced heightened uncertainty stemming from geopolitical events and changes in trade policy. Fed's Williams: Monetary policy is very focused on balancing jobs. Fed's Williams: Monetary policy is well-positioned for what lies ahead. Fed's Williams: It is critical for the US central bank to get inflation back to 2%. Fed's Williams: Fed policy has moved toward neutral from modestly restrictive.